Preface

    ¹ Muzammil H. Siddiqi. "Islam: Guidance for Humanity." Pakistan Link, Friday, September 10, 1999. p. 17. This is his Khutabah that he gave, at the 36th Convention of ISNA [Islamic Society of North America], as its President and Imam.  The Convention was held at McCormick Center in Chicago from September 3-6, 1999, and was attended by more than thirty thousand from all over North America and Muslims from other countries.  See also his article "Salam: An Islamic Principle for Peace and Active Nonviolence," Islamic Horizons, September/October 1999.

    ² Ibid.

Chapter 1: Introduction

  ³ Aftab Hussain. Status of Women in Islam. Lahore: Law Publishing Company, 1987. p. 1.

  ⁴ Ibid.

  ⁵ Thomas S. Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.  Second Edition, Enlarged. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970.

  ⁶ Muhammad Iqbal. The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore, Pakistan: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1968. p. 2.

  ⁷Hussain, op. cit. p.2.
 

Chapter 2: Islam As An American Religion

¹ Pakistan Link, February 18, 2000, p. 39.

  ⁹Lama Abu-Odeh.  "Crimes of Honour and the Construction of Gender in Arab Societies.," in  Mai Yamani, editor. Feminism and Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives. New York: New York University Press, 1996, p. 141.
  ¹⁰Murad Hoffman. "Promoting Islam and Promoting Muslims." Islamic Horizons,  September-October 1998, p. 19.
  ¹¹Mustansir Mir.  Dictionary of Qura’anic Terms and Concepts.  New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. , 1987, pp. 16-17.
  ¹²Matthew,  22:21.
  ¹³Richard John Neuhaus.  The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America.  Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1984.
  ¹⁴One such publicly expressed opinion was that of Shaikh Hisham Kabbani, Chairman of the Islamic Supreme Council of America, who denounced what he called  the "Islamic extremism" of Islamic centers, mosques,  and other organizations of immigrant Muslims in the United States that have been taken possession and control of by extremists and whose "ideology has been spread  to eighty percent of the [American] Muslim population."  See the transcript of his speech, "Islamic Extremism: A Viable Threat to U.S. National Security (An Open Forum at the U.S. Department of State, January 7, 1999)."

Chapter 3: The Cultural Construction of Gender in Islam

  ¹⁵Abdelwahab Bouhdiba. Sexuality in Islam. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. p. 30.
  ¹⁶New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhavan, 1987.
  ¹⁷Aftab Hussain. Status of Women in Islam. Lahore, Pakistan: Law Publishing Company, 1987.

  ¹⁸Ibid. p. 110.
  ¹⁹Yusuf Ali. The Holy Quran. Washington, D.C.: The American International Printing Company, 1946. p. 190.
  ²⁰Muhammad Asad. The Message of the Quran: Translated and Explained. Gibraltar: Dar Al-Andalus, 1984. p. 109.
  ²¹T.B. Irving (Al-Hajj Ta’lim Ali). The Quran: The First American Version. Brattleboro, Vermont: Amana Books, 1985. P. 26.
  ²²Amina Wadud-Muhsin. Quran and Women. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti SDn. BHD, 1992. p. 70.
  ²³Ibid. p. 70.
  ²⁴Aziza al-Hibri. "A Study of Islamic Herstory: Or How Did We Ever Get into This Mess," in Aziza al-Hibri. Editor. Women in Islam. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982. p. 217.
  ²⁵Abul Ala  Maududi, Towards Understanding the Quran, Vol. II, Surahs 4-6. Tr. Zafar Ishaq

Ansari, Leicester, U.K.: The Islamic Foundation, 1989. P. 36.

¹²Ibid.
  ²⁸Abul Ala Maududi. Tafhim-ul-Quran, Vol. II. Lahore, Pakistan: Tarjuman-ul-Quran, 1979. Note 59, p. 350.
  ²⁹Al-Hibri. op. cit. pp. 218-219.
  ³⁰Kishwar Naheed. Ed. Women: Myths and Realities. Lahore, Pakistan: Sange-e-Meel Publications, 1993. p. 143.
  ³¹Ibid. p. 144.
  ³²Ibid. p. 146.
  ³³Ibid.  pp. 197-198.
  ³⁴Ibid. p. 198.
  ³⁵Ibid. p. 199.
  ³⁶Murad Hofmann. Islam: The Alternative. Beltsville, Maryland: Amana Publications, 1997. p. 123.
  ³⁷Muhammad Asad. The Message of the Quran. op. cit. pp. 109-110.
  ³⁸Shaheen Sardar Ali, op.cit. p. 154.
  ³⁹Aftab Hussain, op.cit. p. 206.

Chapter 4: The Cultural Construction of Sexuality in Islam

  ⁴⁰Janet Shibley Hyde and John D. Delameter. Understanding Human Sexuality. New York: The MacGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1997. p. 4.
  ⁴¹Abedlwahab Bouhdiba. Sexuality in Islam. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. p. viii.
  ⁴²Ibid. p. 7.
  ⁴³Ibid. pp. 7-8.
  ⁴⁴Ibid. p. 13.
  ⁴⁵Ibid.
  ⁴⁶A.J. Arberry. The Koran Interpreted. London: George Allen $ Unwin Ltd., 1955.
  ⁴⁷Bouhdiba, Sexuality in Islam, op. cit. pp. 10-13.
  ⁴⁸Ibid. p. 15.
  ⁴⁹Ibid. p. 24.
  ⁵⁰Ibid. p. 25.
  ⁵¹Ibid. p. 31.
  ⁵²Ibid. p. 53.
  ⁵³Ibid. pp. 30-31.
  ⁵⁴Ibid. p. 58.
  ⁵⁵Ibid. p. 72.
  ⁵⁶Ibid. p. 75.
  ⁵⁷Ibid. p. 80.
  ⁵⁸Ibid. p. 84.

Chapter 5: Marriage in Islam I

  ⁷²Hammudah Abd al ‘Ati. The Family Structure in Islam. Indianapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications, 1977. pp. 98-103.
  ⁷³Afzalur Rahman, Chairman, Editorial Board. Muhammad: Encyclopaedia of Seerah, Vol. V. London: Seerah Foundation, 1987. p. 2.
  ⁷⁴Ibid.
  ⁷⁵Ibid.
  ⁷⁶Bukhari. Kitab-al-Nikah [Book of Marriage], Sahih Bukhari, Vol. IX, p. 165.
  ⁷⁷Abd al Ati. op. cit. p. 100.
  ⁷⁸Ibid. pp. 102-103.
  ⁷⁹Rahman. Encyclopaedia of Seerah, Vol. II. p. 7.
  ⁸⁰Ibid. p. 203.
  ⁸¹Ibid. p. 219.
  ⁸²Rahman. Encyclopaedia of Seerah, Vol. V. p. 683.
  ⁸³Aftab Hussain. Status of Women in Islam. Lahore: Law Publishing Company, 1987. p. 451.
  ⁸⁴Shaikh Muhammad Mahdi Shamsuddin. "Muslim Outlook on the Family in a Changing Society," in Family Planning in Islam. The International Planned Federation, Middle East and North Africa Region, Beirut, 1974. p. 17.
  ⁸⁵Shamsuddin. op.cit. pp. 19-20.
  ⁸⁶Rahman. Encyclopaedia of Seerah, Vol. V. p. 683.
  87Ahmad Sharabassy, "Islam and Family Planning," in The International Planned Parenthood Federation Report, Islam & Family Planning, Vol. II, 1974. pp. 13-14.
   ⁸⁸Al Ghazali. "Book on the Etiquette of Marriage," translated into English under the title of  Marriage and Sexuality in Islam by Madelain Farah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1984. p. 79.
  ⁸⁹Sheikh Abrar Husain. Marriage Customs Among Muslims in India.  New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1976. p. 171.
  ⁹⁰Al Ghazali. op. cit. pp. 111-112.
  ⁹¹Ibid. p. 90.
  ⁹²Mona Al Munajid. Women in Saudi Arabia Today. New York: St. Martin’s, 1997.  pp. 35-36.
  ⁹³Faima Mernissi. Women’s Rebellion & Islam’s Memory.  London: Zed Books, 1996. p. 34.
  ⁹⁴Fatna A. Sabbah. Woman in the Muslim Unconscious.  New York: Pergamon Press, 1989. p. 32.
  ⁹⁵Lamah Abu-Odeh. "Crime of Hounor and the Construction of Gender in Arab Societies," in Mai Yamani. Ed.. Feminism & Islam. New York: New York University Press, 1996. p. 150.
  ⁹⁶M.E. Combs-Schilling. Sacred Performances: Islam, Sexuality, and Sacrifice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. p. 208.
  ⁹⁷Mernissi. op.cit. pp. 35-36.

  ⁹⁸Ibid. p. 40.

Chapter 6: Marriage in Islam II

  ⁹⁹Allama Dir Abdullah Al-Mamun Al-Suhrawardy. The Sayings of Muhammad. London: John Murray, 1954. pp. 95-96.
  ¹⁰⁰Soraya Altorki. Women in Saudi Arabia: Ideology and Behavior Among the Elite. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. pp. 123-124.
  ¹⁰¹Al-Imam Zain-ud-Din Ahmad bin Abdul-Lateef Az-Zaidi. Summarized Sahi Al-Bukhari. Tr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. Riyadh: Maktaba Dar-us-Salam, 1994. p. 896.
  ¹⁰²Islamic Horizons,  May/June 1999. pp. 58-60.
  ¹⁰³Pakistan Link, Friday, August 27, 1999, p. 17.
  ¹⁰⁴Ausaf Ali. "Implementation of the Shariah and the Women’s Rights." Pakistan Link, Friday, November 20, 1998.
  ¹⁰⁵Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran. Note 799,  p. 241.
   ¹⁰⁶Zafar Jafri, Pakistan Link, Urdu Section, February 18, 2000, p. 7.

Chapter 7: Sexuality of the Muslim Premarried and  Unmarried

  ¹⁰⁷Quoted from Muhammad Qutb. Islam: The Misunderstood Religion. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1980. pp. 152-153.
  ¹⁰⁸Ibid. p. 153.
  ¹⁰⁹Quoted from Abdur Rahman I. Doi. Shariah: The Islamic Law. London: Ta Ha Publishers, 1984. p. 155.
  ¹¹⁰Ibid.
  ¹¹¹B.F. Musallam. Sex and Society in Islam.  Cambridge. England: Cambridge University Press, 1983. p. 33.
  ¹¹²Ibid. p. 131.
  ¹¹³Ibid. p. 133.
  ¹¹⁴Muhammad Zafeeruddin Nadvi.  Modesty and Chastity in Islam. Tr. Sharif Ahmad Khan. Kuwait: Islamic Book Publishers, 1982. pp. 60-61.
  ¹¹⁵Ibid. p. 61.
  ¹¹⁶Ibid.
  ¹¹⁷Ibid.
  ¹¹⁸Ibid. p. 62.
  ¹¹⁹Ibid.
  ¹²⁰Ibid. p. 63.
  ¹²¹Shaikh Muhammad  Mahdi Shamsuddin. "Muslim Outlook on the Family in a Changing Society" in Islam & Family Planning, Vol. I. Beirut: The International Planned Parenthood Federation, Middle East and North Africa Region, 1974. p. 23.
  ¹²²Marwan Ibrahim Al-Kaysi. Morals and Manners in Islam: A Guide to Islamic Adab.  Leicester, England: The Islamic Foundation, 1987. p. 40.
  ¹²³Quoted from Linda S. Walbridge. "Sex and the Single Shi’ite: Mutah Marriage in an American Lebanese Shi’ite Community," in Barbara C. Aswad and Barbara Bilge, eds. Family and Gender among American Muslims: Issues Facing Eastern Immigrants and Their Descendents.  Philadelphia: Temple Universit Press, 1996. p. 144.
  ¹²⁴Shahla Haeri. Law of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Islam.  New York: Syracuse University Press, 1989. p. 3.
  ¹²⁵Ibid. p. 31.
  ¹²⁶Sheikh Abrar Husain. Marriage Customs among Muslims in India (A Sociological Study of the Shia Marriage Customs) Bombay: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1990. p. 172.

  ¹²⁷Sayyed Hossein Nasr, Hamid Dabashi, and Sayyed Vali Reza Nasr, eds. Shi’ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality.  New York: State University of New York Press, 1987. pp. 214-215.
  ¹²⁸Imam Musa Al-Sadr. "Islam and the Family in a Developing Society, " Islam & Family Planning, Vol. I. op. cit. pp. 175-176.
  ¹²⁹Murtaza Mutahheri. Woman and Her Rights.  New York: Islamic Seminary Publications, 1992. p. 204.
  ¹³⁰Ibid. p. 205.
  ¹³¹Ibid. pp. 205-206.
  ¹³²Haeri. "Mut’a Regulating Sexuality and Gender Relations in Postrevolutionary Iran," in Muhammad Khalid Masud, Brinkley Messick and David S. Powers, eds. Islamic Legal Interpretation. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996. pp. 253-254.
  ¹³³Ibid. p. 254.
  ¹³⁴Ibid.
  ¹³⁵Ibid. p. 255.
  ¹³⁶Ibid. p. 257.
  ¹³⁷Ibid.
  ¹³⁸Ibid. p. 259.
  ¹³⁹Ibid. pp. 259-260.
  ¹⁴⁰Mohammed Arkoun. Rethinking Islam. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. p. 60.
  ¹⁴¹Hamid Dabashi. Theology of Dicontent: The Ideological Foundations of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.  New York: New York University Press, 1993. p. 313.
  ¹⁴²Ibid.
  ¹⁴³Haeri. op. cit. p. 64.
  ¹⁴⁴Ibid.
  ¹⁴⁵Ibid.
  ¹⁴⁶Walbridge. op. cit. p. 143.
  ¹⁴⁷Ibid. p. 147.
  ¹⁴⁸Ibid.
  ¹⁴⁹Ibid.
  ¹⁵⁰Ibid.
  ¹⁵¹Ibid. p. 149.
  ¹⁵²Ibid. p. 150.
  ¹⁵³Haeri. op. cit. p. 60.

Chapter 8: The Summing Up

  ¹⁵⁴Carol L. Anyway, Daughters of Another Path. Lee’s Summit, Mo.: Yawana Publications, 1996.  p. 99.
  ¹⁵⁵Riffat Hassan. "The Issue of Women-Men Equality in the Islamic Tradition." In Women’s and Men’s Liberation—Testimonies of Spirit.  Edited by Riffat Hassan, Leonard Grob, and Haim Fordon. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. p. 77.
  ¹⁵⁶Ibid. p. 80.
  ¹⁵⁷Ibid. p. 66.
  ¹⁵⁸Ibid. p. 69.
  ¹⁵⁹Franz Rosenthal. Fiction and Reality: Sources for the Role of Sex in Medieval Muslim Society." In Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Edited by Afaf Al-Sayyid-Marsot.  Malibu, California: Undena Publications, 1979. Pp. 3-4.
  ¹⁶⁰Ibid. p. 5.
  ¹⁶¹Peter Singer. Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. p. 2.
   ¹⁶²See Sahi Bukhari, Vol. VII, Book of Nikah (Wedlock). Ahadith (Traditions) Nos. 64 and 65, also Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, translated under the title of The Life of Muhammad by A. Guilllaume,. London: Oxfor University Press, 1955. p. 792, and Muhammad: Encyclopaedia of Seerah, Edited by Afzalur Rahman, Vol. II. London: Seerah Foundation, 1986. p. 206.  All these sources state that, at the time of their marriage in Makkah, Muhammad was 51 and Aisha 6.  They consummated their marriage and began cohabitation three years later in Madinah.

Index Page